Percepções e expectativas de homens trans acerca dos relacionamentos afetivo-sexuais pós-transição / Trans men's perceptions and expectations of post-transition affective-sexual relationships / Percepciones y expectativas de los hombres trans sobre las relaciones afectivo-sexuales después de la transición

As identidades transmasculinas ganharam visibilidade social e acadêmica no Brasil a partir de 2010, contudo, as questões subjetivas dos homens trans ainda são pouco debatidas, em particular temas associados aos relacionamentos afetivos na experiência desses sujeitos. Este estudo qualitativo tem por objetivo identificar as percepções e expectativas dos homens trans acerca dos relacionamentos afetivo-sexuais no cenário pós-transição de gênero. Participaram da pesquisa 15 homens transexuais hormonizados, com idades entre 20 e 41 anos. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevista semiestruturada nas modalidades presencial e on-line. Empregou-se análise temática reflexiva, que resultou em dois temas analíticos. Os resultados apontam que os homens trans, ao contrário de suas expectativas iniciais, percebem que tiveram menos oportunidades de relacionamentos afetivo-sexuais depois de sua transição de gênero. Os participantes atribuem essa dificuldade especialmente ao fato de não terem se submetido à cirurgia de redesignação sexual. O desconforto é acentuado por sua materialidade corpórea divergente da cisnormatividade, sistema regulador que associa pessoas pertencentes ao gênero masculino à presença de um pênis. Outra fonte de desconforto é o repúdio social, que alimenta a abjeção, exotização e fetichização dos corpos transmasculinos. Também são descritas as especificidades do relacionamento dos homens trans com mulheres cisgênero, heterossexuais e lésbicas. Os resultados evidenciam que a fixação persistente no genital, como referente e signo determinante do gênero e da sexualidade, modula e regula a busca e o encontro de parceira(o) íntima(o).(AU)

Transmasculine identities have gained social and academic visibility in Brazil since 2010, but subjective issues, especially those associated with affective relationships, are still little discussed. This qualitative study sought to identify trans men's perceptions and expectations regarding post-transition affective-sexual relationships. A total of 15 transsexual men undergoing hormone therapy, aged between 20 and 41 years, participated in the research. Data were collected by means of in-person and online semi-structured interviews and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, which resulted in two analytical themes. Results show that trans men, differently from their initial expectations, perceive fewer opportunities for affective-sexual relationships after their gender transition. The participants attribute this difficulty, especially, to the fact that they have not undergone sexual reassignment surgery. Discomfort isaccentuated by their bodily materiality diverging from cisnormativity, the regulatory system that associates people belonging to the male gender with the presence of a penis. Another source of discomfort is the social repudiation, which reinforces the abjection, exoticization, and fetishization of transmasculine bodies. The specifics of trans men's relationships with cisgender, heterosexual, and lesbian women are also described. The results show that the persistent fixation on the genital, as a referent and determinant sign of gender and sexuality, modulates and regulates the search for and encounter of intimate partners.(AU)

Las identidades transmasculinas han ganado visibilidad social y académica en Brasil desde 2010, sin embargo, las cuestiones subjetivas de los hombres trans son aún poco discutidas, en particular las cuestiones asociadas a las relaciones afectivas en la experiencia de estos sujetos. Este estudio cualitativo tiene como objetivo identificar las percepciones y expectativas de los hombres trans sobre las relaciones afectivo-sexuales después de la transición de género. Participaron en la investigación 15 hombres transexuales hormonados, de edades comprendidas entre los 20 y los 41 años. La recopilación de datos se realizó mediante una entrevista semiestructurada en las modalidades presencial y en línea. Se realizó un análisis temático reflexivo, que dio como resultado dos temas analíticos. Los resultados muestran que los hombres trans, al contrario de sus expectativas iniciales, perciben que han tenido menos oportunidades de relaciones afectivo-sexuales después de su transición de género. Los participantes atribuyen esta dificultad especialmente al hecho de no haberse sometido a cirugía de reasignación sexual. La incomodidad se acentúa por su materialidad corpórea divergente de la cisnormatividad, un sistema normativo según el cual las personas pertenecientes al género masculino deben tener pene. Otra fuente de malestar es el repudio social, que alimenta la abyección, la exotización y la fetichización de los cuerpos transmasculinos. También se describen las especificidades de las relaciones de los hombres trans con las mujeres heterosexuales, cisgénero y lesbianas. Los resultados muestran que la persistente fijación en los genitales, como referente y signo determinante del género y la sexualidad, modula y regula la búsqueda y el encuentro de parejas íntimas.(AU)

Um capítulo esquecido na história da psicologia? sexualidades desviantes, psicopatologia e normalidade / A forgotten chapter in the history of psychology? deviant sexualities, psychopathology, and normality / ¿Un capítulo olvidado en la historia de la psicología? sexualidades desviadas, psicopatología y normalidad

Este artigo tem como objetivo produzir uma análise histórica sobre as intersecções entre Psicologia e sexualidade desviantes da norma no Brasil, de fins do século XIX a meados da década de 1980. Esta temporalidade foi escolhida por abarcar o surgimento das pesquisas científicas sobre sexualidade e desvios sexuais, a consolidação dos estudos psicológicos sobre a temática e o processo mais recente de despatologização da homossexualidade. Em termos teóricos e metodológicos, foram adotados os pressupostos da História Social da Psicologia e da historiografia das homossexualidades no Brasil. Desse modo, buscou-se compreender como as ideias, concepções e práticas psicológicas foram mudando ao longo do tempo, em conexão com as transformações socioculturais e políticas que ocorreram durante o século XX. Para isto, foram utilizadas fontes primárias e secundárias de pesquisa com vistas à produção de interpretações sobre as conexões entre as ideias, os atores e os eventos narrados. Argumenta-se, ao longo do artigo, que as ideias e práticas psicológicas estão intrinsecamente conectadas aos contextos socioculturais e políticos de seu tempo, sendo os movimentos dinâmicos e os conflitos presentes nesses contextos fatores determinantes para a sua constituição.(AU)

This article aims to produce a historical analysis of the intersections between Psychology and sexualities that deviate from the norm in Brazil, from the late 19th century to the mid-1980s. This period was chosen because it encompasses the emergence of scientific research on sexuality and sexual deviations, the consolidation of psychological studies on the subject and the most recent process of de-pathologization of homosexuality. Theoretically and methodologically, the assumptions of the Social History of Psychology and the historiography of homosexualities in Brazil were adopted. Therefore, we sought to understand how psychological ideas, conceptions and practices have changed over time, in connection with the sociocultural and political transformations that occurred throughout the 20th century. For this, primary and secondary sources of research were used to produce interpretations about the connections between the ideas, the actors and the narrated events. It is argued, throughout the article, that the psychological ideas and practices are intrinsically connected to the sociocultural and political contexts of their time, being the dynamic movements and conflicts present in these contexts determining factors for their constitution.(AU)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis histórico de las intersecciones entre la Psicología y las sexualidades desviadas de la norma en Brasil desde finales del siglo XIX hasta mediados de la década de 1980. Esta temporalidad fue elegida por abarcar el surgimiento de las investigaciones científicas sobre sexualidad y desvíos sexuales, la consolidación de los estudios psicológicos sobre el tema y el más reciente proceso de despatologización de la homosexualidad. En el marco teórico y metodológico, se adoptaron los presupuestos de la Historia Social de la Psicología y de la historiografía de las homosexualidades en Brasil. De esta manera, se pretende comprender cómo las ideas, concepciones y prácticas psicológicas han cambiado a lo largo del tiempo, en conexión con las transformaciones socioculturales y políticas ocurridas durante el siglo XX. Para ello, se utilizaron las fuentes de investigación primarias y secundarias con miras a generar interpretaciones sobre las conexiones entre las ideas, los actores y los eventos narrados. Se argumenta, a lo largo de este artículo, que las ideas y las prácticas psicológicas están intrínsecamente conectadas a los contextos socioculturales y políticos de su tiempo, y los movimientos dinámicos y los conflictos presentes en estos contextos fueron los factores determinantes para su constitución.(AU)

O florir da violeta: um estudo de caso em avaliação terapêutica / The flowering of violet: a case study in therapeutic assessment / La flor de la violeta: un estudio de caso en evaluación terapéutica

A Avaliação Terapêutica (AT) é um processo avaliativo e interventivo proposto para ser semiestruturado e colaborativo com o objetivo de promover mudanças positivas no cliente, que é convidado a ter uma participação ativa durante o processo. Na AT, os resultados dos testes psicológicos padronizados ganham destaque como facilitadores do processo de autoconhecimento do cliente. Desse modo, usualmente, integram-se os achados de testes psicológicos de autorrelato com os métodos projetivos para gerar informações que possam ampliar a visão que o cliente tem de si. Neste artigo, buscou-se compreender o potencial de uso dos testes psicológicos e da relação colaborativa a partir de um caso atendido na perspectiva da AT. A participante, Violeta (nome fictício), foi atendida em 10 sessões com duração entre 60 e 115 minutos. Foram utilizados os testes psicológicos Escala de Bem-Estar Psicológico (Ebep), Escala de Vulnerabilidade e Estresse no Trabalho (Event), Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade (BFP), Método de Rorschach e Inventários de Habilidades Sociais 2 (IHS-2). Observou-se que, durante o processo, Violeta ampliou sua autopercepção, o que possibilitou mudanças no modo de agir em seus relacionamentos amorosos e na reflexão sobre como sua postura era vista por si e por seus colegas de trabalho. Acredita-se que a AT cumpriu com o objetivo de estabelecer uma experiência terapêutica que possibilitasse mudanças positivas para a cliente. Este estudo de caso contribuiu para ampliar a compreensão sobre a importância e o uso dos testes psicológicos neste modelo de avaliação psicológica.(AU)

The Therapeutic Assessment (TA) is an evaluative and interventional process proposed to be semi-structured and collaborative with the objective of promoting positive changes in the client, who is invited to have an active participation during the process. At the TA, the results of standardized psychological tests are highlighted as facilitators of the client's self-knowledge process. In this way, the findings of psychological self-report tests are usually integrated with projective methods to generate information that can broaden the client's view of themselves. In this article, understanding the potential use of psychological tests and of the collaborative relationship from a case treated from the TA perspective was sought. The participant, Violet (fictitious name), was assisted in 10 sessions lasting between 60 and 115 minutes. The psychological tests Psychological Well-Being Scale (EBEP), Vulnerability and Stress at Work Scale (EVENT), Personality Factorial Battery (BFP), Rorschach Method and Social Skills Inventories 2 (IHS-2) were used. It was observed that, during the process, Violet increased her self-perception, which allowed changes in her way of acting in her love life and in her reflection on how her posture was seen by herself and herco-workers. It is believed that TA fulfilled the objective of establishing a therapeutic experience that would enable positive changes for the client. This case study contributed to broaden the understanding about the importance and use of psychological testing in this psychological assessment model.(AU)

La Evaluación Terapéutica (ET) es un proceso de evaluación e intervención que se propone ser semiestructurado y colaborativo, con el objetivo de lograr cambios positivos en el cliente, quien es invitado a tener participación activa durante el proceso. En la ET se destacan los resultados de las pruebas psicológicas estandarizadas como facilitadoras del proceso de autoconocimiento del cliente. Los hallazgos de las pruebas psicológicas de autoinforme suelen integrarse con métodos proyectivos para generar información que pueda ampliar la visión que el cliente tiene de sí mismo. En este artículo se buscó comprender el uso potencial de las pruebas psicológicas y de la relación colaborativa a partir de un estudio de caso tratado desde la perspectiva de la ET. Atendieron a la participante Violeta (nombre ficticio), en 10 sesiones que duraron entre 60 y 115 minutos. Se utilizaron las pruebas psicológicas Escala de Bienestar Psicológico (EBEP), Escala de Vulnerabilidad y Estrés en el Trabajo (EVENT), Batería de Factorial de la Personalidad (BFP), Método de Rorschach e Inventario de Habilidades Sociales 2 (IHS-dos). Se observó que, durante el proceso, Violeta amplió su autopercepción, lo que permitió cambios en la forma de actuar en sus relaciones amorosas y en el reflejo de como ella y sus compañeros de trabajo veían su postura. Así, se cree que ET ha cumplido el objetivo de establecer una experiencia terapéutica que permitió cambios positivos a la cliente. Este estudio contribuyó a ampliar la comprensión sobre la importancia y el uso de las pruebas psicológicas en este modelo de evaluación psicológica.(AU)

Psicologia escolar na educação superior: demandas apresentadas por coordenadores de cursos / School psychology in higher education: demands presented by course coordinators / Psicología escolar en educación superior: demandas presentadas por coordinadores de cursos

A Psicologia Escolar e Educacional vem conquistando novos espaços para a atuação e campo de pesquisa, dentre eles, destacamos a educação superior. Assim, este estudo teve por objetivo conhecer as demandas apresentadas por coordenadores de cursos de graduação, analisá-las à luz da Psicologia Escolar na vertente crítica e apontar possibilidades de atuação do psicólogo escolar junto a estes. A pesquisa, de caráter qualitativo, foi realizada a partir da análise de conteúdo das respostas obtidas dos questionários enviados por e-mail aos coordenadores dos 77 cursos de graduação oferecidos por uma instituição pública de ensino superior de Minas Gerais. Contamos com 28 questionários respondidos. As demandas apresentadas referem-se a questões acadêmicas e emocionais dos estudantes; sobrecarga de trabalho docente; relações interpessoais e formação continuada; burocracias enfrentadas pelos coordenadores; além da falta de preparação prévia e apoio para o exercício da função e concepções sobre o trabalho do psicólogo escolar. Concluímos que o coordenador, ao ouvir e compreender demandas advindas de discentes, docentes e técnicos, responde a elas por meio de uma parceria auspiciosa com o psicólogo escolar, juntamente com outros segmentos e instâncias da instituição.(AU)

The School and Educational Psychology has been conquering new spaces for professional performance and research field, among them, we highlight Higher Education. Therefore, this study aimed to get the demands presented by coordinators of undergraduate courses and analyze them in the light of School Psychology in the critical perspective and to point out possibilities for the performance of the school psychologist with them. The qualitative research was carried out based on the content analysis of the answers obtained from the questionnaires sent by e-mail to the coordinators of the 77 undergraduate courses offered by a public Higher Education institution in Minas Gerais. We have 28 answered questionnaires. The demands presented refer to students' academic and emotional issues; the overload of teaching work; interpersonal relationships and continuing education; the bureaucracies faced by coordinators; and the lack of prior preparation and support for the practice of the function and conceptions about the work of the school psychologist. We conclude that the coordinator, when listening to and understanding demands from students, teachers, and technicians, seeks to respond to them with an auspicious partnership with the school psychologist, together with other segments and instances of the institution.(AU)

La Psicología Escolar y Educacional sigue conquistando nuevos espacios para la actuación y campo de investigación, entre ellos destaca la educación superior. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo conocer las demandas presentadas por los coordinadores de cursos de graduación, analizarlas desde la perspectiva crítica de la Psicología Escolar y señalar posibilidades de actuación del psicólogo escolar. La investigación cualitativa realizó el análisis de contenido de las respuestas obtenidas de los cuestionarios enviados por correo electrónico a los coordinadores de los 77 cursos ofrecidos por una institución pública de educación superior en Minas Gerais (Brasil). Se respondieron 28 cuestionarios. Las demandas presentadas se refieren a cuestiones académicas y emocionales de los estudiantes; a la sobrecarga del trabajo docente; a las relaciones interpersonales y educación continua; a las burocracias que enfrentan los coordinadores; además de la falta de preparación previa y apoyo para el ejercicio de la función y concepciones sobre el trabajo del psicólogo escolar. Se concluye que el coordinador escucha y considera las demandas de los estudiantes, profesores y técnicos, y trata de responderlas por medio de una asociación favorable con el psicólogo escolar, junto con otros segmentos e instancias de la institución.(AU)

Características psicométricas do Questionário de Temperamento de Aproximação e Evitação em trabalhadores / Psychometric characteristics of the Approach-Avoidance Temperament Questionnaire in workers / Características psicométricas del Cuestionario de Temperamento de Aproximación y Evitación en trabajadores

O temperamento de aproximação ou abordagem caracteriza-se como uma sensibilidade neurobiológica geral a estímulos positivos desejáveis, enquanto o temperamento de evitação ou evasão é instigado por eventos negativos indesejáveis. O presente trabalho reúne evidências iniciais de validade de estrutura interna e de relações com variáveis externas do Questionário de Temperamento de Aproximação-Evitação (ATQ) em trabalhadores brasileiros. Participaram do estudo 453 trabalhadores de ambos os sexos (79,2% do sexo feminino). As análises fatoriais confirmatórias indicaram que o modelo ajustado de dois fatores não correlacionados foi o que obteve os melhores índices de ajuste. Na relação com variáveis externas, as dimensões de aproximação e evitação apresentaram, respectivamente, correlações positivas baixas e correlações negativas baixas a moderadas, com o engajamento no trabalho, a adaptabilidade à carreira e o desempenho de papéis no trabalho. As evidências iniciais de validade obtidas recomendam o uso do ATQ em pesquisas futuras realizadas no contexto organizacional brasileiro.

Approach temperament is characterized as a general neurobiological sensitivity to desirable positive stimuli, while the avoidance temperament is instigated by undesirable negative events. The study gathered initial evidence of validity of internal structure and relations with external variables of the Approach-Avoidance Temperament Questionnaire (ATQ) in Brazilian workers. In total, 453 workers of both gender (79.2% female) participated in the study. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the adjusted model of two uncorrelated factors was the one that obtained the best adjustment indices. In relation to external variables, the dimensions of approach and avoidance presented, respectively, low positive correlations and low to moderate negative correlations, with work engagement, career adaptability and role performance at work. The initial evidence of validity obtained recommends the use of the ATQ in future research carried out in the Brazilian organizational context.

El temperamento de aproximación o enfoque se caracteriza como una sensibilidad neurobiológica general a estímulos positivos deseables, mientras que el temperamento de evitación o evasión es instigado por eventos negativos indeseables. El estudio reunió evidencias iniciales de validez de estructura interna y de relaciones con variables externas del Cuestionario de Temperamento de Aproximación-Evitación (ATQ) en trabajadores brasileños. Participaron del estudio 453 trabajadores de ambos sexos (79,2% del sexo femenino). Las análisis factoriales confirmatorios indicaron que el modelo ajustado de dos factores no correlacionados fue el que obtuvo los mejores índices de ajuste. En la relación con variables externas, las dimensiones de aproximación y evitación presentaron, respectivamente, correlaciones positivas bajas y correlaciones negativas bajas a moderadas, con el compromiso en el trabajo, la adaptabilidad a la carrera y el desempeño de papeles en el trabajo. Las evidencias iniciales de validez obtenidas recomiendan el uso del ATQ en investigaciones futuras realizadas en el contexto organizacional brasileño.

Silêncio e verbalização: a matriz metapsicológica de Karl Abraham e Robert Fliess / Silence and verbalization: a metapsychological matrix of Karl Abraham and Robert Fliess

Resumo: O presente artigo objetiva analisar a matriz metapsicológica do silêncio a partir das contribuições teóricas de Karl Abraham e Robert Fliess. Para Abraham, o silêncio é compreendido a partir dos conceitos de erotismo oral, uretral, genital e anal e da influência da libido e das zonas erógenas no desenvolvimento da personalidade e do caráter. Para Robert Fliess, o silêncio é entendido a partir do aparelho da linguagem descrito como uma descarga pulsional regressiva erótica, correspondendo assim a três formas particulares de fechamento esfincterianos: o silêncio erótico-uretral, o silêncio erótico-anal e o silêncio erótico-oral.

Abstract: This article aims to analyze the metapsychological matrix of silence from the theoretical contributions of Karl Abraham and Robert Fliess. To Abraham, silence is understood from the concepts of oral, urethral, genital and anal eroticism and the influence of libido and erogenous zones in the development of personality and character. To Robert Fliess, silence is understood from the language apparatus described as a regressive erotic instinctual discharge, thus corresponding to three particular forms of sphincter closure: the erotic-urethral silence, the erotic-anal silence and erotic oral silence.

Comparing the Behavioral Patterns and Psychological Characteristics of Web Board Gamers and Gamblers

OBJECTIVE: In Korea, online board games, such as “flower cards,” are played using virtual money. In contrast, Internet-based gambling (ibGambling) concerns the use of real money to gamble online. We hypothesized that online board gamers using virtual money show less risky behaviors than do gamblers who use real money, and that, in regard to psychological aspects, online board gamers are less depressed and more introverted than online gamblers are. METHODS: For this study, 100 online board gamers, 100 ibGamblers, 100 offline gamblers (offGamblers), and 100 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited by an online research company. Gambling behavior and self-efficacy were assessed using the Korean Gambling Behavior Scale-high/low factors (KGBS-H/L) and the Gambling Abstinence Self-efficacy Scale (GASS). Additionally, introversion, depression, and mania tendency were assessed. RESULTS: Online board gamers had good intentions gaming, as evidenced by their higher KGBS-L scores than ibGamblers and offGamblers, and they showed less risky behaviors, as evidenced by their lower KGBS-H scores than offGamblers. Additionally, online board gamers were less introverted than ibGamblers and less depressed than offGamblers. CONCLUSION: Online board gaming could be a gateway to the world of gambling (ibGambling or OffGambling). However, the higher tendency of online board gamers to engage in good intentioned gaming could help prevent online board gaming from progressing to online or offline gambling.

Comparative Study on Personality Assessment Inventory and MMPI-2 Profiles of Groups with High and Low Depression and Suicide Ideation in Psychiatry Patients and Discriminant Variables of Depression and Suicide Ideation / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare psychological test profiles of psychiatric outpatients with high and low depression/suicide ideation and to identify predictor variables for depression/suicide ideation. METHODS: Component scores of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) were compared using t-tests. Discriminant analysis was conducted for predictor variables of depression/suicide ideation. RESULTS: Regarding PAI profiles, somatic complaints (SOM), anxiety (ANX), anxiety-related disorder (ARD), depression (DEP), paranoia (PAR), borderline features (BOR), antisocial features (ANT), mania (MAN) drug problems (DRG) scores were significantly elevated in high depression and high suicide ideation groups. Concerning MMPI-2 profiles, the scores of hypochondriasis (Hs), depression (D), hysteria (Hy), psychopathic deviate (Pd), paranoia (Pa), psychasthenia (Pt), schizophrenia (Sc), social introversion (Si) were significantly elevated in these same groups. The PAI and MMPI-2 profile shapes were remarkably similar between high depression and high suicide ideation groups. Therefore, in terms of psychological profile, depression and suicidal ideation seemed to reflect the same construct. However, in discriminant analysis, significant predictors for depression were found to be Pt and D Sc from MMPI-2, while those for suicide ideation were found to be Pa and Sc, suggest subtle differences. CONCLUSION: The superficial characteristics of depression and suicide ideation groups reflected by the psychological test profiles seemed similar, but the determining factors may differ. Thus, the psychological interventions for these two groups may have to follow different routes considering these subtle differences.

Peter Schmid e a alteridade radical: retomando o diálogo entre rogers e lévinas / Peter Schmid and radical alterity: reapproaching the dialogue between rogers and lévinas / Peter Schmid y la alteridad radical: retomando el diálogo entre rogers y lévinas

A Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa (ACP), fundada por Carl Rogers, só pode ser justificada a partir de uma ética e não como aplicação de técnicas e conhecimentos. Entretanto, a ACP, a princípio, negligencia a alteridade radical postulada por Lévinas. Este Outro não é figura tão cara às psicologias como aparenta ser. O Outro levinasiano precede e transcende ao Eu, não sendo totalizável nem inteiramente compreensível, ele apresenta a dimensão do estranho na experiência psicológica. Peter Schmid, no entanto, concebe a ética como primeira questão a ser pensada quando se trata da ACP, quer de sua teoria, quer de sua prática e estabelece um profícuo diálogo com a filosofia levinasiana. Este trabalho apresenta as contribuições de Peter Schmid à Psicologia rogeriana. Concluiu-se que, ao fazer releituras dos principais conceitos da ACP, Schmid apresenta uma nova forma de lidar com a alteridade no arcabouço da ACP.

The Person Centered Approach (PCA), founded by Carl Rogers, can only be justified by ethics and not as an application of skills and knowledge. However, PCA, at first, neglects the radical alterity postulated by Lévinas. This Other is not an expressive figure to psychologies as seems to be. The Levinasian Other is precedent and transcendent to the I; not being possible to totalize and understand it fully; it shows the dimension of the strange in the psychological experience. On the other hand, Peter Schmid conceives that ethics is the first issue to be considered when it comes to PCA, either its theory or its practice; establishes a fruitful dialogue with the Levinasian philosophy. This paper presents the contributions of Peter Schmid to the Rogerian psychology. It was found that Schmid shows a new way of dealing with the alterity within the framework of the Rogerian approach.

El abordaje centrado en la persona (ACP), fundado por Carl Rogers, solo puede ser justificado a partir de una ética y no como aplicación de técnicas y conocimientos. Sin embargo, la ACP abandona, en principio, a la alteridad radical postulada por Lévinas. Este Otro no es una figura tan cara a las psicologías como aparenta ser. El Otro levinasiano precede y trasciende al yo, no siendo totalizable ni enteramente comprensible; él, representa la dimensión de lo extraño en la experiencia psicológica. Por otro lado, Peter Schmid, concibe a la ética como primera cuestión a ser pensada cuando se trata del ACP, tanto con su teoría como con su práctica, estableciendo un fructífero diálogo con la filosofía levinasiana. Este trabajo presenta las contribuciones de Peter Schimid a la Psicologia Rogeriana. Se concluye que, al hacer relecturas de los principales conceptos del ACP, Schmid presenta una nueva forma de relacionarse con la alteridad en las bases teóricas fundamentales del ACP.

Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory as related factor for post traumatic stress disorder symptoms according to job stress level in experienced firefighters: 5-year study

OBJECTIVES: As first responders to an increasing number of natural and manmade disasters, active-duty firefighters are at increased risk for physical and psychiatric impairment as reflected by high rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Because little is known about related factor with PTSD according to job stress level among firefighters, we assessed utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) using 5-year medical surveillance. METHODS: Data were analyzed from 185 male firefighters without psychiatric disease history and who at assessments in 2006 and 2011 completed all questionnaires on personal behaviors (including exercise, drinking and smoking habits) and job history (including job duration and department). MMPI, Events Scale-Revised-Korean version (IES-R-K) and Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form (KOSS-SF) were used to screen for personality trait, PTSD symptom presence and job stress level, respectively. IES-R-K subgroups were compared using two-sample t- and chi2 tests, and factors influencing IES-R-K according to KOSS-SF were determined using uni- and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Mean age and job duration were higher in PTSD-positive than negative groups. In multivariate analysis, increased PTSD risk was associated with: job duration (Odds ratio (OR) = 1.064, 95 % CI 1.012-1.118) for firefighters overall; masculinity-femininity (OR = 5.304, 95 % CI 1.191-23.624) and job duration (OR = 1.126, 95 % CI 1.003-1.265) for lower job stress level; and social introversion (OR = 3.727, 95 % CI 1.096-12.673) for higher job stress level. CONCLUSIONS: MMPI relates with PTSD according to job stress level among experienced firefighters. Masculinity-femininity and social introversion were the strongest related factor for PTSD symptom development in low and high job stress levels, respectively.

Psychologic Characteristics in Caregivers of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

PURPOSE: ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with three characteristics, such as impulsivity, inattention, and hyperactivity symptoms. This is a common disease that the prevalence reaches 4-7% of all children. There are a variety of hypothesis in the pathogenic mechanisms and etiology. Parental psychopathology influences directly and indirectly on the occurrence of ADHD in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and psychological characteristics of caregiver of child with ADHD using the MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)-2. METHODS: The subjects consisted of 35 caregivers of patients with ADHD and 34 caregivers of children without neuropsychiatric disorders who visited to the pediatric neurology clinic of Kangnam sacred heart hospital from January 2009 to June 2011. We diagnosed ADHD according to DSM(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder)-IV criteria. We compared the psychologic characteristics between ADHD group and control group using T score of MMPI-2. RESULTS: MMPI T scores of caregivers of children with ADHD were significantly higher on the depression(D), psychasthenia(Pt), schizophrenia(Sc), social introversion (Si) scales than control group and most of scales were significantly higher in restructured clinical (RC) scale and personality psychopathology five (PSY-5) scales. CONCLUSION: The results suggested that psychopathology of caregivers might induce ADHD in the children. On the contrary, ADHD symptom of children might be associated with occurrence of psychopathology in the cargiver. In order to proper treatment of ADHD patient, we need to psychologic evaluation in the caregivers of patients with ADHD.

Avaliação de traços de personalidade em futuros educadores do esporte brasileiro / Assessment of personality traits in future educators of Brazilian sport

Conhecer as capacidades e limitações das pessoas é essencial para otimizar seu desempenho acadêmico e profissional. Desta maneira, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo explorar os traços de personalidade de estudantes de ensino superior de Educação Física na cidade de São Paulo, por meio do Questionário de Personalidade de Eysenck (EPQ), que avalia os fatores Extroversão/Introversão, Neuroticismo e Psicoticismo, além de perguntas relativas ao controle do falseamento das respostas (Lie Scale). Os resultados apontam níveis de Extroversão e Neuroticismo elevados neste grupo quando comparados com outras pesquisas e verificou-se uma correlação significativa e negativa entre estes mesmos fatores. Em relação às diferenças entre gêneros, observou-se que o fator Neuroticismo apresentou diferenças estatisticamente significativas indicando médias mais elevadas para o sexo feminino. Os traços de personalidade Extroversão e Neuroticismo, sob a perspectiva do modelo de Eysenck, podem ser considerados como construtos importantes para a carreira na área da Educação Física e Esporte.

The knowledge of the capabilities and limitations of people is essential to optimize your academic and professional performance. Thus, this study aimed to explore the personality traits of university students in Physical Education and Sport of public and private institutions in the city of São Paulo, by means of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), which evaluates factors Extraversion/Introversion, Neuroticism and Psychoticism, and questions relating to the control of falsification of responses (Lie Scale). The results show levels of Extraversion and Neuroticism higher in this group compared with other studies and there was a significant negative correlation between these same factors. Regarding gender differences, we found that the factor Neuroticism showed statistically significant differences indicating higher average for females. The personality traits Extraversion andNeuroticism, from the perspective of the Eysenck model, can be considered as important constructs for careers in the field of Physical Education and Sport.

Occupational Stress and MMPI-2 Profile of Workers in Some Plants Undergoing Labor Dispute / 대한산업의학회지

OBJECTIVES: To identify changes in relationships with superiors or colleagues at work and family members and social networks at home, based on occupational stress and psychological characteristics in during the process of restructuring some plants undergoing a long-term labor dispute. METHODS: This study invested 213 workers involved in a long-term labor dispute using the KOSS (Korean Occupational Stress Scale) and the MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) and questionnaires. The KOSS and MMPI-2 scores in accordance with aggressiveness of trade union activity and changes in human relationships were compared. In addition, the odds ratio of whether there were differences in health behavior (perception of health status, smoking, alcohol abuse, medical treatment) and the absenteeism rate was calculated by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: For members of the aggressiveness of trade union activity group, the rate at which the relationship between superiors or colleagues deteriorated was high, as was the total KOSS score, occupational system and lack of reward score of KOSS subclass. The depression subclass score of MMPI-2 was generally high, while the score of hypochondriasis, hysteria, psychopathic deviate, hypomania was high, and social introversion was low in the active group. In cases in which there were high score of psychopathic deviate, hypomania and paranoia, there were also signs of negative health behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Occupational stress caused by a long-term labor dispute, accompanied with depression can result in an aggressive, hostile and vulnerable personalities and have a negative impact on health behavior.

Lateralidad y variables de personalidad / Laterality and personality´s variables

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue realizar una medición de lateralidad en una muestra de individuos de la región de Cuyo, Argentina, analizando las asociaciones entre lateralidad (diestros-zurdos) y variables de personalidad (control-neuroticismo; introversión-extroversión). Se conformó una muestra no aleatoria de 197 individuos (100 sujetos de sexo femenino y 97 de sexo masculino), con un rango de edad entre 18 y 55 años (M= 28,14; DE= 9,77). Se aplicaron los siguientes instrumentos: 1. Cuestionario de Lateralidad (Portellano-Pérez, 2003); 2. Prueba de tachado de cuadros (Portellano-Pérez, inédito); 3. Cuestionario de Personalidad (Eysenck ,1975), estandarizado en población argentina por Omar (1988). En las mujeres, mayores niveles de ansiedad (neuroticismo) no estuvieron asociados a predominio de lateralidad zurda. Tampoco se observó en éstas que mayores valores en introversión estuvieran correlacionados positivamente con lateralidad zurda. Los individuos de ambos sexos con puntajes extremos en lateralidad diestra o zurda no presentaron mayores puntajes en la variable neuroticismo. No se encontró relación significativa alguna entre lateralidad y rasgos de personalidad. Los trabajos existentes hasta el momento presentan resultados divergentes y difícilmente equiparables. Esta discrepancia radica tal vez en el hecho de que la lateralidad —en la mayoría de los estudios— ha recibido un abordaje unidimensional y las dimensiones de la personalidad han sido exploradas sólo con el análisis de respuestas verbales basadas en autoinformes.

The aim of this study was to perform a measurement of handedness in a sample of individual in Cuyo Region – Argentine – analyzing the associations between laterality (rights and lefts) and personality´s variables (control-neuroticism; introversion-extroversion). A sample no aleatory of 197 subjects (woman 100 and man 97) with a age ranged between 18 and 55 (M=28,14; DS= 9,77). The following instruments were applied: Laterality Scale (Portellano-Pérez, 2003); Cross Out of Squares Test (Portellano-Pérez, ined-ited); Personality Scale (Eysenck, 1975; standarized for Omar in Argentine population, 1988). A greater anxiety level (neuroticism) was not associated to left laterality predominance. Neither was observed in these that greater scores introversion were positively associated with left laterality. Individuals of both sexes with high values in right or left laterality were not presented greater scores in the neuroticism variable. No one significant relation was found between handedness and personality traits. Studies on this thematic have divergent results and are difficult to compare. This discrepancy perhaps lies in the fact that the handedness - in most studies - received a one-dimensional approach and dimensions of personality have been explored only with the analysis of verbal responses based on self-reports.

The Effect of Personal Character on the Results of Clinical Performance Skill Tests / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: Even though many studies have indicated that the personality of medical students affects learning style and academic achievement, the effect of personality types on the performance skill tests has not been well known in the medical field due to the rarity of published papers. Thus, the aim of this study was to reveal the effect of personal traits on clinical skill performance tests. METHODS: Fifty-seven fourth-grade medical students were enrolled in this study. They had all completed clinical performance tests. To assess personality types, we used the Korean version of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). RESULTS: Fifty-five of 57 senior medical students responded completely to the MBTI questionnaire. The proportion of four paired MBTI dimensions was Introversion (I)-Extroversion (E) (67.3% vs. 32.7%), Sensing (S)-Intuition (I) (76.4% vs. 23.6%), Thinking (T)-Feeling (F) (61.8% vs. 38.2%), and Judging (J)-Perception (P) (56.4% vs. 43.6%). The dominant personality types were ISTJ (23.6%), ESTJ (14.5%), and ISTP (10.9%). The first objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) test showed higher scores in Extraversion, Judging, and Sensing-Judging types compared to the counterparts (p<0.05), but this effect was not observed in the second OSCE test. On the clinical performance examination, Extraversion, Sensing, and Judging types had a higher score, as measured by standardized patients. CONCLUSION: Specific personal traits affect the test scores of the clinical performance skill examinations. So, personality measurement might be a useful tool for understanding a student who has difficulty in performance tests. We hope this study will give valuable information to examiners when they instruct and counsel students about clinical performance tests.

The Study about the Construct Validity of Type D Personality Scale : With Normal College Students Group as a Data Base / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to test the construct validity of the Type D personality scale (DS14). METHODS: The DS14 and other personality scales, which have good construct validity (MMPI-2), TCI-RS, MBTI, NEO-PI-R) were administered to 151 college students. Correlation and regression analyses were performed to evaluate the validity of the DS14. RESULTS: There were significant positive correlations between the DS14 total score and scores on the F, D, Pa, Pt, Sc, Si and 'negative emotionality' scales (MMPI-2), the 'harm avoidance' scale (TCI), the 'neuroticism' scale (NEO-PI-R), and the 'introversion' scale (MBIT). Additionally, there were significant negative correlations between the DS14 total score and extroversion, agreeableness, openness to experience, cooperativeness, and reward dependence scales. Stepwise regression analysis also showed coherent RESULTS: negative emotionality, introversion, RCd and RC2 (MMPI-2), harm avoidance (TCI), neuroticism (NEO-PI-R), introversion, thinking (MBIT) scales were selected as significant explanatory variables. CONCLUSION: Individuals with a Type-D personality, as assessed by the DS14, seem to have a tendency to experience negative emotions such as depression and anxiety. As a construct, Type-D personality also seems to be closely related to neuroticism and introversion. These results indicate that the DS14 has sound construct validity as a screening tool for measuring stress-vulnerability traits, that is to say, type-D personality.

Relationships between Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Psychological Type and Marital Satisfaction, Divorce Proneness, Positive Affect, and Conflict Regulation in Clinic Couples

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationships between the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) psychological type and marital satisfaction, divorce proneness, positive affect, and conflict regulation in couple visiting a clinic. METHODS: Couples (n=62) who visited "M" couple clinic participated in the study. Data were collected from March to June 2009 using the Marital Satisfaction Scale, Marital Status Inventory, Positive Affect Inventory, and Conflict Regulation Inventory. RESULTS: The couples showed no significant differences in marital satisfaction, positive affect, and conflict regulation according to similarities between spouses in MBTI types. However, they showed significant differences in divorce proneness of husband according to a similarity in the Sensing/Intuition indicator. They also showed significant differences in divorce proneness, positive affect, and conflict regulation between the couples for ISTJ (Introversion, Sensing, Thinking, Judging) or ESTJ (Extraversion, Sensing, Thinking, Judging) types compared to other couples. CONCLUSION: When nurses counsel couples, they should understand that differences in psychological type between spouses affects their marital relationship. In addition, nurses should educate couples on the characteristics of each type according to the couple's types and help them to understand each other, especially for couples where one spouse is the ISTJ/ESTJ type. These interventions will improve marital satisfaction and prevent the divorce in these couples.

comparative survey of organizational commitment based on personal traits: a case study on nurses in Yazd training hospitals

Organizational commitment has been defined as [the relative strength of an individual's identification with and involvement in a particular organization]. Organizational commitment and factors that predict it has emerged as a promising area of research in recent decade for there is a strong evidence of link between high levels of commitment and favorable organizational outcomes. The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the staffs personality traits [introversion - extraversion] and organizational commitment. This comparative - applied study was carried out in 2009-2010. The research population consisted of nurses working at Shahid Sad doghi and Shahid Rahnemoon hospitals. The sample [n=175] was selected by random sampling method. The data were collected by 2 valid questionnaires.organizational diagnosis questionnaire [ODQ] and Eysenck personality questionnaire [EPQ]. Data analysis was performed through SPSS[14] software using descriptive statistics and independent T-Test. The results of research indicated that the introvert and extrovert nurses are different in regards with their organizational commitment [p-v = 0/000]. Also, the organizational commitment was significantly different in both personality groups [introvert, extrovert] in terms of age group [P=0.003, 0.046] and job tenure group [p = 0/002, 0/042]. In the introvert group, organizational commitment was different based on the employment status [p = 0/017] but there was no difference in any group in terms of sex and marital status. The research results indicated that personality traits as a predictor of organizational commitment should be considered in human resources management

O cultivo de si e o individualismo / Self-growth and individualism

Em muitas grandes civilizações existiram pessoas que possuíam um entendimento especial sobre si mesmas e seu papel na sociedade em que viviam. Elas cultivavam um relacionamento espiritual e intelectual especial com qualquer divindade que adoravam ou com o mundo onde viviam. No Ocidente, esta relação especial transformou-se no individualismo moderno. Este carrega inúmeras facetas que precisam ser reconhecidas como parte fundamental da Modernidade que, por sua vez, não é um fenômeno pronto e acabado, mas está constantemente se transformando, o que pode ser fonte de conflitos e sofrimento para pessoas incapazes de acompanhar essas mudanças, principalmente no mundo contemporâneo, marcado pela compressão espaço-temporal, pela superexposição de informações e pela obsolescência programada do mercado de consumo. Para combater esta situação novas formas de mediação entre sujeito e sociedade são criadas: as redes de especialistas, dedicados à adaptação do sujeito à nova sociedade pós-moderna. (AU)

On many great civilizations there were people with had a special understanding about themselves and their roll on the society they lived. They grow a spiritual and intellectual relationship with the gods the worship and their world. In the West this especial relationship become the modern individualism. And it carries many facets that needs recognition as a fundamental part of the Modernity. The Modernity it is not a finish phenomenon but it’s in constant self-transformation. What maybe a source of conflict and suffering for those incapable of constantly follow those changes, especially in a world on time-space contraction with a display highly increase information and a program obsolescence by consumerism. To fight this situation new forms of mediation between individual and society are made: the specialist network, dedicate to help the adaptation of the individual to the new pos-modern society. (AU)

Visões de Van Gogh: imagem e auto-imagem / Views of Van Gogh: image and self image / Visiones de Van Gogh: imagen y auto-imagen

Inserido no campo de estudos da psicologia da arte, este artigo pretende explorar a complexidade envolvida no estudo do pintor holandês Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890), dada a extensa produção sobre o fenômeno em que se transformou e a diversidade de perspectivas pelas quais é abordado. Partindo da indagação: quem foi Van Gogh?, algumas visões do artista foram apresentadas, revelando o imaginário constituído em torno desta figura. Posteriormente, estas imagens dialogaram com a auto-imagem do pintor, delineada a partir do estudo de sua correspondência. A auto-imagem de Van Gogh emerge da articulação dos aspectos que, nas diferentes visões apresentadas, aparecem isoladamente: sua pessoalidade, a arte e a loucura

Inserted in the field of studies of psychology of art, this paper intends to explore the complexity involved in the study of dutch painter Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890). This difficult is due to the extensive production about the phenomenon he has become, as well as to the diversity of perspectives from which he is discussed. Beginning with the question: who was Van Gogh?, some views of the artist had been presented, disclosing the imaginary around this figure. Then, these images were thought in regard to the self image of the painter, delineated from study of his correspondence. The self image of Van Gogh emerges from the articulation of three aspects which had appearead separately in the previous presentation: his personality, art and madness.